The primary reasons behind under-eye circles are poor circulation, pigmentation, and ageing. The delicate skin around the eyes is more prone to showing signs of aging as it's thinner and produces less oil, leading to inadequate lubrication causing fine lines.

Diagnosing under eye circles involves assessing the appearance, colour and texture under the eyes.

Prolonged exposure to the sun can lead to an increase in melanin production, causing pigmentation changes under the eyes. Sun damage can also make the skin thinner and more prone to dark circles.

Insufficient sleep or fatigues caused by stress can contribute to the appearance of under-eye circles. Stress can affect blood circulation and may lead to the dilation of blood vessels.

Inadequate water intake can result in dehydration, causing the skin to appear dull and the blood vessels under the eyes to be more noticeable.

Caffeine ingredients stimulate microcirculation to reduce dark circles caused by tiredness and fatigue. Pigmentation reducing ingredients such as granactive retinoid reduce dark circles that are within the skin.