February 4, 2025 • 8 min to read

Hyperpigmentation is a common skin concern affecting individuals of all genders and ages. It presents as dark patches or spots on the skin, often causing frustration for those trying to achieve an even complexion. But what exactly causes hyperpigmentation, and how can it be treated? This article explores the different types, symptoms, causes, and misconceptions surrounding hyperpigmentation, offering practical advice for managing and treating this skin condition.

Hyperpigmentation occurs when certain areas of the skin become darker than the surrounding skin due to an overproduction of melanin—the pigment responsible for skin colour. These darkened areas can vary in size and location, often appearing on the face, neck, hands, or other parts of the body.

1. Melasma: Triggered by hormonal changes, melasma manifests as larger, symmetrical patches on the face, particularly on the cheeks, forehead, and upper lip. Melasma is common during pregnancy or with hormonal contraceptive use.

2. Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH): This type results from skin injuries or inflammation, such as acne, eczema, or cuts. PIH often leaves dark or red marks after the skin heals.

3. Sun Spots (Solar Lentigines): Small, dark spots caused by prolonged sun exposure, which are often found on areas like the face, shoulders, and hands.

4. Hyperpigmentation Around the Mouth and Eyes: Often linked to dryness, irritation, or genetics, these areas of hyperpigmentation can be particularly stubborn to treat.

• Darkened patches or spots
• Uneven skin tone
• Areas that darken with sun exposure
• Patches that may enlarge over time

1. Sun Exposure: Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays stimulates melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, leading to localized dark spots known as sun spots or solar lentigines. UV radiation also exacerbates existing pigmentation issues, making regular sunscreen use essential to preventing hyperpigmentation.

2. Acne and Skin Inflammation: When the skin experiences trauma or inflammation—whether due to acne, eczema, or an injury—it responds by producing excess melanin as part of the healing process. This results in post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), which is more common in individuals with medium to darker skin tones.

3. Hormonal Changes: As we get older, melanocytes (the cells responsible for melanin production) decrease and become less evenly distributed, leading to areas of hyperpigmentation, or conversely in areas where melanocytes are absent, white spots known as Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis (IGH) may appear. Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, menopause, or while taking oral contraceptives, can also trigger melasma. Additionally, estrogen and progesterone are thought to stimulate melanin production, particularly when combined with sun exposure. This type of hyperpigmentation is challenging to treat and often requires a multifaceted approach.

4. Genetics: Genetics play a significant role in determining susceptibility to hyperpigmentation. Individuals with a family history of conditions like melasma or a predisposition to higher melanin activity are more likely to develop dark spots. Skin types classified from 6-10 (medium-dark skin tones) on the Monk Scale are particularly prone to hyperpigmentation.

5. Medications and Health Conditions: Certain medications, including chemotherapy drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antimalarial medications, can cause hyperpigmentation as a side effect. Additionally, medical conditions such as Addison’s disease, which affects adrenal function, can lead to diffuse darkening of the skin. These cases often require medical intervention alongside cosmetic treatments.

6. Lifestyle Factors: Poor skincare habits, such as inconsistent exfoliation or the use of harsh products, can lead to uneven skin tone and exacerbate hyperpigmentation. Environmental aggressors like pollution and lifestyle factors such as smoking, stress, and lack of sleep may also contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress, which can increase melanin production and lead to more persistent discolouration.

Melasma vs. General Hyperpigmentation

One common misconception is that melasma and hyperpigmentation are interchangeable. While melasma is a specific type of hyperpigmentation triggered by hormonal changes, hyperpigmentation encompasses a broader range of causes, including sun damage, inflammation, and genetics. Treating melasma often requires a different approach compared to other forms of pigmentation.

Dark Spots Are Permanent

Many believe that hyperpigmentation is a permanent skin condition. However, with a consistent skincare routine and the right treatments—such as chemical peels, laser therapy, or topical products like retinoids and Vitamin C—dark spots can fade significantly over time. The key is patience and persistence.

Only Darker Skin Tones Are Affected

Although hyperpigmentation is more noticeable in individuals with medium to darker skin tones, it can affect people of all skin types. The triggers and severity may differ, but the condition is not exclusive to any particular skin tone.

All Hyperpigmentation Is Caused by the Sun

While sun exposure is a leading cause of hyperpigmentation, it’s not the only one. Hormonal changes, post-inflammatory responses, certain medications, and even environmental and lifestyle factors like stress and lack of sleep can contribute to pigmentation issues. Sun exposure often exacerbates existing pigmentation but is not always the primary cause.

Hyperpigmentation Will Resolve on Its Own

Without intervention, hyperpigmentation may persist for months or even years, especially if the underlying cause is ongoing. For example, hormonal melasma might not fade without targeted treatments, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation can linger if sun protection isn’t prioritised.

Natural Remedies Work for Everyone

While natural remedies such as aloe vera, turmeric, or lemon juice are often touted as cures for hyperpigmentation, their efficacy is not scientifically proven for most cases. Some may even cause irritation or worsen pigmentation. It’s best to rely on dermatologist-approved products and treatments tailored to your skin type and concerns.

1. Prioritise Sun Protection

Daily application of a broad-spectrum sunscreen is crucial for preventing and managing hyperpigmentation. Choose SPF 30 for regular daily exposure or SPF 50 for prolonged or intense sun exposure (high UV index).

If using professional treatments or active ingredients such as retinoids, Vitamin C, or Hydroquinone, always opt for SPF 50 regardless of the season or hours of sun exposure. These treatments can make your skin more sensitive to UV rays, and insufficient protection may cause pigmentation to return, potentially even more pronounced. Reapply sunscreen every two hours when outdoors to maintain sufficient protection.

2. Incorporate Effective Skincare Products

• Vitamin C: Brightens skin and reduces dark spots by neutralising free radicals. 
• Retinoids: Accelerate cell turnover to fade pigmentation over time.
• Niacinamide: Helps improve skin tone and reduces inflammation.
• Hydroquinone: A prescription ingredient that inhibits melanin production for stubborn spots.

3. Professional Treatments

• Chemical Peels
• Laser Therapy
• Microneedling

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4. Consistency Is Key

Hyperpigmentation doesn’t fade overnight. Establishing and sticking to a consistent skincare routine tailored to your specific needs is essential for long-term results.

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Addressing hyperpigmentation begins with understanding its causes and treatments. Whether your concern is melasma, sun spots, or acne-related marks, a personalised approach can help restore your skin’s radiance. Explore our range of dermatologist-approved skincare solutions designed to target hyperpigmentation effectively via the link below.